The Interaction Between Heredity and Environment Free Essays

Have you ever wondered why people resemble their parents? The answer to this and other questions about inheritance lies in a specialized branch of biology called genetics. Geneticist found that most aspects of life have a hereditary basis and that many traits can appear in more than one form. For instance, human beings have blond, or red, or brown, or black hair. We will write a custom essay sample on The Interaction Between Heredity and Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now They may have one of several different types of blood, one or several colors of skin. Their ear lobes may be attached or free. They may or may not be able to manufacture certain enzymes. Some of these traits are much more important to the life of the individual than others, but all of them are hereditary. The geneticist is interested not only in the traits of man but in those of all other organisms as well. The study of inheritance depends on the differences as well as the similarities between parents and offspring over several generations. Heredity is very complex, and a geneticist cannot possibly analyze all the traits of an organism at once. Instead, he studies only a few traits at a time. Many other traits are present. As the geneticists work out the solution to each hereditary mystery, the geneticist must not forget that all organisms live in a complex environment. The environment may affect the degree to which a hereditary trait develops. The geneticist must try to find out which of the many parts of the environment may affect his results. The factors must be kept as constant as possible by using controlled experiments. Only then can he tell that the differences observed are due to heredity. Heredity determines what an organism may become, not what it will become. What an organism becomes depends on both its heredity and environment. The modern science of genetics started with the work of Gregor Mendel. He found that a certain factor in a plant cell determined the traits the plant would have. Thirty years after his discovery this determines was given the name gene. Of the traits Mendel studied, he called dominant those at showed up in the offspring and recessive those The question I will ask is: how much of the variability observed between different individuals is due to hereditary differences between them, and how much to differences in the environments under which the individuals developed? In most organisms, including man, genetics information is transmitted from mother to daughter cells and from one generation to the next by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Knowledge of the heredity or inheritance of plants and animals is important in many phases of our life. The question I will ask is: How much of the variability observed between different individuals is due to hereditary differences between them, and how much to differences in the environments under which the individuals developed? The purpose of designing a unit on ? Heredity And Environment? is to help students learn more about themselves. They will learn why they develop into the kind of individual they are. The unit will discuss heredity traits and environmental conditions, chromosomes, DNA, studies of identical twins, and several diseases linked to heredity and environment. The students will do some hands on activities by constructing a model which represents DNA. They will explore plants with the exact same heredity and plants with different heredity. They will change the conditions in the environment to see the way the plant organisms with the same heredity may develop differently in different environments and why organisms with different heredity develop in the matter in which they do. Heredity is not the only thing that effects development. The environment also has an important effect. The unit can be taught to students in grades five through eight. The science and math teachers are encouraged to use a team teaching approach. Other features that will be included in the unit are content, lesson plans, resources, reading list and a bibliography. Genes and DNA DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, makes up the genes that transmits hereditary traits. The DNA molecule looks like a long, twisted rope ladder. This is called the double helix. The ladder is made up of two coiled strands with rungs between them. The rungs are composed of pairs of chemicals in different combinations. Each combination carries instructions like the dot and dashes of the Morse Code. Each gene in the body is a DNA section with full set of instructions for guiding the formation of just one particular protein. The different proteins made by the genes direct the body? functions throughout a person? s life. DNA is made of six parts: a sugar, a mineral (phosphate), and four special chemicals called bases. These bases are represented as A;T;C; and G. Sugar and phosphate form the chains, or sides, of the staircase. The A;G;C and T bases form the steps. See figure 1. Each step is made of two pieces, which are always paired the same way. The A base always pairs w ith the T base. And the G base always pairs with the C base. Figure 1. DNA Structure (figure available in print form) DNA Reproduces Itself Two new identical DNAs are immediately formed. The A,G,C, and T bases on each chain attract loose bases found floating within the nucleus. Ts attract As and Cs attract Gs. The two new DNAs are just like the original DNA. Each strand directs the synthesis of a complementary strand. The replication of DNA is the key to heredity, the passing of traits from parents to offspring. DNA replication results in the formation of new reproductive cells. It also results in the formation of new cells, which is important for the growth of an organism. See Fig. 2. Figure 2. (figure available in print form) Watson-Crick? DNA Replication-Redrawn from version in Levine, Genetics, Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1968. Chromosomes Genes and chromosomes provide the genetic link between generations. Chromosomes are strands of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of virtually every cell, but with few exceptions seen only during the process of cell division. The number of chromosomes in a cell is characteristic of the species. Some have very few, whereas others may have more than a hundred. Ordinarily, every cell in the body of an organism contains the same number of chromosomes. The most important exception is found in the case of gametes where half the usual number is found. Human beings have 46 chromosomes in each cell, with the exception of the spermatozoa in males and the ova in females, each of which has 23 chromosomes. Human chromosomes occur in pairs, the total 46 consisting of 23 pairs; 22 pairs of autosomes which are non-sex determining chromosomes. The member of a pair are essentially identical, with the exception of sex chromosomes in males, and each pair is different from any other pair. Plants and animals inherit chromosomes from their parents. Each plant and animal cell has a set of chromosomes. Chromosomes, then, control the heredity of an organism. They carry the blueprint that determines what kind of organism will develop. Some Relationship Between Heredity And Environment Organisms can transmit some hereditary conditions to their offspring even if the parents do not show the trait. In the small, familiar fruit fly. Drosophila, there is a hereditary trait in which the wings curl up sharply if the files are raised at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. If, however, the files are raised at a lower temperature, such as 16 degrees Celsius then the trait rarely appears. The wings seem to be straight, and the flies look normal. The genetic trait is there, however, and will reappear in the next generation if the temperature returns to 25 degrees Celsius. See fig. 3. A similar type of inheritance appears in plants. In some types of corn the kernels will remain yellow until they are exposed to sunlight. Once exposed, the kernels become various shades of red and purple. Some traits do not appear to be affected by the environment. One of the first hereditary traits studied in humans was polydactyly. An individual with polydactyly has more than ten figures or toes. See fig. 4. This trait does not seem to be affected by the environment at all. Other human traits like color blindness, baldness, blood type, skin color, the ability to taste certain substances, the presence or absence of hairs on the middle of the fingers, and free or attached ear lobes do not seem to be influenced by the environment. (figure available in print form) Figure 3? This diagram shows how temperature affects curly-wing trait in Drosophila. If the third generation of curly-winged flies had been raised in 16? C environment. Source:Redrawn from Biological Science, Houghton, Mifflin Co. , Boston, 1963, p. 379. Figure 4? An example of polydactyly. Extra digits on either hands or feet are almost always abnormal in structure. (figure available in print form) Source: Biological Science, Houghton Mifflin Co. , Boston, 1963. p. 380. A common cited example of an environmental effect on phenotype is the coloring of Siamese Cats, although these cats have a genotype for dark fur, the enzymes that produce the dark coloring function best at temperatures below the normal body temperature of the cat. Siamese Cats are noted for the dark markings on their ears, nose, paws, tail, and all areas that have a low body temperature. If the hair on the cat? s belly is shaved and an ice pack is applied, the replacement hair will be dark. Likewise, a shaved tail, kept at higher than normal temperatures, would soon be covered with light colored fur. These changes are temporary, however, unless the ice pack or heat source is maintained permanently. The most celebrated effect of an environmental agent directly affecting the unborn, is that produced by the rubella virus. This German measles virus is capable of crossing the placenta from mother to child, and the prenatal infection, if it occurs early enough, may result in deafness and other damage to the child. Similarly, maternal infection with the rare protozoan parasite Toxoplasma can cause serious congenital defects in the fetus, and the same has been suspected for Asian influenza. Another environmental factor is anoxia. Anoxia is a natural hazard of childbirth, and in most cases the infant makes a normal adjustment to it. When infants suffer from delayed respiration or asphyxia during birth, it is widely accepted that this is responsible for later difficulties such neurologic abnormalities. Warburton and Fraser have emphasized that the development of a fetus depends on a precise and extremely intricate system of interactions between two sets of hereditary factors and two environments, all acting at the same time on the growing baby. The mother and the fetus each have their own environment and their own genotype. How to cite The Interaction Between Heredity and Environment, Essay examples

Global Information Systems Strategy Cloud Computing

Question: Discuss about the Global Information Systems Strategy for Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction: Hybrid cloud computing is the mix-up of the private and public computing. Hybrid cloud computing can be used for both public and the private services. It is the environment in which a mix on premises can be used for the private and public cloud services. In this type of computing, the workload can be moved between the private and public clouds according to the cloud computing needs. It provides a high flexibility to the business and some or the options for the storage of the data. The company can migrate its data to the public computing also (Chen and Zhao 2012). Implementation Strategy: There are three Implementation strategies of the hybrid cloud computing A less sensitive data and can be hosted by using some public resources or any browser such as Google and Mozilla. This digital business enterprise can migrate its data to hybrid cloud computing by using on-premises private and public computing. On-premises private cloud can be created to store the secret and sensitive data. If there is need of confidential storage of data, a private cloud can be developed for critical data storage (Garrison et al 2012). This type of cloud computing is costly. To create a hybrid cloud is difficult to develop and similar to create a data center. It is necessary to note that all the sites and the clouds should be connected to each other. All the sites of this organization can be connected using IPsec virtual private network or through a direct connect line. On the basis of the requirement of the bandwidth and security, decision criteria can be chosen. In this organization, high bandwidth is required, then 1to 10 Gbps direct connect line can be used to provide the high throughput so that traffic cannot occur over the network or internet. Hybrid cloud computing can be hosted using Amazon Simple Storage service. In Amazon web service, private cloud connection to the public clouds can be established by using eucalyptus software layer So, to store the transaction details, a high space for data storage is necessary. Authentication is the main issue to develop the hybrid cloud model. In this organization, four different services are running off-premises in the cloud. So the authentications against directory services may cause of authenticating the traffic. So the authenticate traffic can saturate the virtual network private network. There is a need to extend the directory to the clouds by creating a new authentication site. In this multiple business organization, one virtual data center can be attached to higher performance storage (Garrison et al 2012). The other data center will be attached to the economical standard tier of storage. By using this policy, multiple businesses can direct the application to the best locatio n. Benefits: If this company is going to implement the hybrid cloud then it is very beneficial for the company in the terms of security. It is more secure than public clouds. In-house storage for the secret data can be maintained by using hybrid clouds. The size of the hybrid clouds is more spacious than public clouds. So, there is no problem of limited storage space. The data in bulk can be stored in hybrid clouds because there is a great space in hybrid clouds to store the data. Hybrid Clouds reduces the cost for the data storage (Hwang et al 2016). It is very beneficial for the company, because the cost of data storage is low than other. It reduces the complexity to maintain the hardware. The permanent data can be stored in the private cloud of hybrid cloud. The less sensitive data can be stored in the public cloud of hybrid cloud. It reduces the requirement of man power. The data can be easily migrated to the hybrid cloud. There is no need to maintain the hardware for the storage of the data (Li et al 2013). It reduces the cost of storage and the manpower. The data backup can be created easily by using the hybrid clouds. As, this is the multi-business company so for the various purpose; hybrid clouds can be used (Zheng et al 2014). There are both options available together as a public cloud and private cloud. The data can be stored according to the storage need of the data (Paul et al 2013). The hybrid clouds are also useful for the increment of the internal assets of the company. It also improves the external services provided by that company (Kovachev et al 2014). Hybrid cloud is useful to main the isolation of the company. It is also useful for the recovery of the information at the time of lost of information. If any case of disaster occurs, the information can recover by using the hybrid cloud at the time of any disaster. The data can be tracked easily by using the hybrid cloud computing. Risk: There are risks of hybrid cloud computing given below: A very sensitive data cannot be stored in the hybrid cloud. It is the limitation of hybrid cloud. It is very complex to develop the hybrid cloud. If there is some legal software is using in the company then this software cant be use over the cloud (Moreno-Vozmediano et al 2013). There will be high latency and data traffic while cloud applications are running over the internet. If various technology relies on is proprietary, then a cloud cannot be deployed legally. There may be a problem of the high latency when the cloud application is using over the internet. Some transparency can be lost and control while debugging performance issues Implementation Strategy: The services that will use in this type of cloud migration are given below: IaaS Infrastructure as a Service (AWS, Azure, Google Compute Engine). SaaS Software as a Service (examples: Google Apps, Salesforce). Figure 2 Heres where youll have to make an important choice. To host their applications in the third-party data center and to outsource the care of physical infrastructure, it is necessary to concentrate on development and the monitor of the applications. IaaS must select for this kind of applications. It is very helpful for the appropriate storage of data and for the virtualization (Sitaram et al 2015). SaaS is a delivery model through which centrally hosted productivity software is licensed on a subscription basis. SasS is helpful to maintain the CRM, security of the data and for the management of the business. Hybrid cloud can work by using a hypothetical scenario. Lets imagine that this web app is quickly gaining popularity and users. In order to keep up with the growing demand, there is need to maintain the resource to scale up dynamically. It is beneficial to deploy maximum resources serving requests during the high demand and at the time of demand drops, it is simple to drop unneeded resources to save costs by using the hybrid cloud with the IaaS and SaaS services. Workforce Capability and Capacity Assessment: Hybrid computing is the best solution for the highly dynamic data. This is the multi-business company and this company also provides the tourism and healthcare facility. Hybrid cloud computing can also be used to host the data and to manage the data backup. Hybrid clouds can be computed using at least one private and public cloud (Srinivasan et al 2015). The development of the hybrid cloud is not simple. There may be problem of the integration. There may be the problem at the time of data migration. But with the help of Amazon web services, Red Hat and VMware hybrid clouds can be developed (Zisssis et al 2012). Migration of the data to the hybrid cloud is the good strategy to make the data secure and to reduce the cost including the workforce and data storage. This organization is providing the booking, healthcare and the tourism facilities, it a multi-business firm, so the use of hybrid cloud is the best solution to reduce the data storage complexity. Conclusion: Hybrid cloud is the best for the data storage. It is complicated to manage the hybrid cloud but it saves the times to track the data. The main point of discussion in this report is the data migration of the company to the hybrid cloud. So, the hybrid cloud is the main point of the discussion that is above discussed. There is no requirement of the staff to maintain the data. In short, to implement the hybrid cloud is beneficial for the organization. References: Chen, D. and Zhao, H., 2012, March. Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Garrison, G., Kim, S. and Wakefield, R.L., 2012. Success factors for deploying cloud computing.Communications of the ACM,55(9), pp.62-68. Garrison, G., Kim, S. and Wakefield, R.L., 2012. Success factors for deploying cloud computing.Communications of the ACM,55(9), pp.62-68. Hwang, K., Bai, X., Shi, Y., Li, M., Chen, W.G. and Wu, Y., 2016. Cloud Performance Modeling with Benchmark Evaluation of Elastic Scaling Strategies.Parallel and Distributed Systems, IEEE Transactions on,27(1), pp.130-143. Kovachev, D., Cao, Y. and Klamma, R., 2014. Building mobile multimedia services: a hybrid cloud computing approach.Multimedia tools and applications,70(2), pp.977-1005. Li, Q., Wang, Z.Y., Li, W.H., Li, J., Wang, C. and Du, R.Y., 2013. Applications integration in a hybrid cloud computing environment: Modelling and platform.Enterprise Information Systems,7(3), pp.237-271. Moreno-Vozmediano, R., Montero, R.S. and Llorente, I.M., 2013. Key challenges in cloud computing: Enabling the future internet of services.Internet Computing, IEEE,17(4), pp.18-25. Paul, K., Govindarajan, S. and Chatterjee, D., 2013. Cloud Computing: emphasizing hybrid cloud computing on Android Computing Platform-an overview.International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering,1(1), p.21. Sitaram, D., Harwalkar, S., Ashwin, N. and Ajmal, S.K., 2015, December. Secure Orchestration Based Federation in Hybrid Cloud Environments. In2015 International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT)(pp. 13-19). IEEE. Srinivasan, A., Quadir, M.A. and Vijayakumar, V., 2015. Era of Cloud Computing: A New Insight to Hybrid Cloud.Procedia Computer Science,50, pp.42-51. Zheng, X., Xiong, F. and Dai, Y., 2014, October. The technical exploration of implementing hybrid TV with cloud computing in radio and TV industry. InComputing, Communications and IT Applications Conference (ComComAp), 2014 IEEE(pp. 229-233). IEEE. Zissis, D. and Lekkas, D., 2012. Addressing cloud computing security issues.Future Generation computer systems,28(3), pp.583-592.

Macbeth Witches Essays (1393 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth Witches In Macbeth, the witches seem to be confusing figures, they are portrayed as dark, eccentric, and strangely amusing creatures. It doesn't seem that they have that much of an importance early on, but after finishing the story and truly comprehending, we see that the witches have done a lot. Through certain examples, and subtle clues displayed in the story, we can safely deduce that the"weird sisters" were specifically designed to implant ideas in Macbeth's brain, which later influence him by giving him all types of information that eventually affect his manner of handling greed, guilt, and other emotions that put him virtually on the edge of sanity. We see that the witches display a keen interest in Macbeth, reasons for the interest aren't exactly given, but illustrations of interest can be shown. As Berryman suggests, the witches have ulterior motives for Macbeth. We see this through Berryman's example, which states that at first, Macbeth is hailed as a great hero, but in his coming, he is hailed by the pricking of a witch's thumb. Which basically means that he is brought on a sort of omen, not portrayed as something that could be of some good. Berryman brings up the fact that the witches know that Macbeth shall be bad, it is not stated at this point of the story why, but it is just instilled that he is (321). This example illustrates the fact that the witches do not have the role of Macbeth's aids, but rather as Macbeth's bad influences. Which is also supported by Shwister in his line "Their appetite for mischief is infinite"(Shwister 60). Which tells us that the natural intent of the witches is to do evil, of which they can never be satisfied, which is displayed by the word "infinite" in the quote, and by then being naturally prone to evil, they act upon Macbeth in a negative type of influence. Influence is again illustrated when we see that the Macbeth meets the witches for the first time. The witches wish to receive complete attention from Macbeth, we see that they use sly ways of going about it. As Shwister states "When the Witches tell him that he will be Thane of Cawdor, and then King, they feed the secret dream he had shared only with his Lady"(59). This quote displays the fact that the witches know what is Macbeth's dark desire. By them knowing this we see the fact that don't just have some insight into Macbeth's inner knowing, but we also get the fact that they have an interest in Macbeth that can be shown by them giving Macbeth information that would excite his fancy. We can look at the above statement that Macbeth, after hearing this, begins to take on a transformation that Bloom marvelously compares to the story of Dr. Jeckyll and Mr. Hyde. "Visitors as we may (or may not) be, we fear that Macbeth, out Mr. Hyde, has the power to realize our own potential for active evil, poor Jeckyll eventually turns into Mr. Hyde and cannot get back; Shakespeare's art is to suggest we could have such a fate"(523). What this quote means is that Macbeth, after hearing what the witches have told him, has transformed from the innocent and kind Dr. Jeckyll, into the evil Mr. Hyde. Also, the last part of the quote states that Macbeth more than likely would not be able to turn back and change his way of thinking. Macbeth has changed, change in a manner that has left him in the realm between innocence and evil. De Quincey helps illustrate what Macbeth has turned into because of the ideas implanted by the witches, in his passage that states "With Macbeth and Lady Macbeth we are made to feel, by dialogue and soliloquy, that their human nature, the nature of love and mercy, has vanished, and the fiendish nature has taken it's place"(167). In this quote De Quincey brings into light the idea that Macbeth has changed, and put aside compassion and love, and replaced it with evil. Berryman also agrees on this fact, by his state "This is variously glossed by the commentators as "Superhuman," "subhuman," "devilish"; but the meaning is clear, that there is a possibility that the human Macbeth-the demonic"(321). In his quote Berryman states that Macbeth has changed into the most evil; demonic. By using the word demonic, we get the idea of utter and pure evil, evil without compassion, and evil without contest. Evil that cannot by denied. Evil is again illustrated

Literature Review

Literature Review Henri Fayol is a prominent theorist in the realms of management and other related fields. He proposed a conceptual model widely applied in organizational and business management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review Henri Fayol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his book of â€Å"Administration Industrielle et Generale,† Fayol described an array of management principles that have immensely contributed in the organizational management (Brunsson 2008, p. 35). Precisely, despite various criticisms that have been elicited from different theorists and scholars, Fayol models are still widely used. Established and well-performing businesses and organizations have attributed their effective performance and success to the Fayol principles. In his theory, Fayol outlined five basic functions inherent to management. The basic management functions described by Fayol in his theory include planning, organizing , and commanding. Additionally, Fayol identifies coordinating and controlling as other basic management principles. According to Fayol, outlined functions remain universal to all organizations. He stipulated that all managers have to carry out these described functions in every day working environment. In addition to these, Fayol outlined other fourteen overall management principles. Indicatively, the 14 principles provide normative guidance regarding the manner in which manager may implement the basic five managerial roles in an effective manner (Sapru 2008, p. 33).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is great importance in outlining these basic principles identified by Fayol regarding managerial roles. Particularly, this examination is important during this era of globalization, which has led to a remarkable increase in organizational and business competitivene ss. Fayol describes the basic principles of management. Planning is one of the highlighted roles of management. As Fayol outlines, managers have to conduct basic planning roles. This is applicable for the future conditions. The development of strategic objectives is objectively important for proper organizational performance. This is particularly in order for organizations to secure the accomplishment for the future organizational objectives. Therefore, as Fayol indicates, it is important for all the managers and other organizational leaders to evaluate their potential for future achievements. Future contingencies likely to influence organizations and consequently transform their operational and strategic orientations are important. Consequently, these must be well planned for. Organizing is another critical management role as described by the Fayol’s theory (McLean 2011, p. 32). The organizational leaders have to organize its personnel in an effective way. The streamlining o f organizational activities and other work processes is important for effective performance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review Henri Fayol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, as evidently described by Fayol, a well planned and organized organization leads to adequate and successful performance. Proper organization remains vital even during recruitment processes. For effective performance, the managers have to recruit the right personnel for specific duties. Securing the highly skilled and learned human resource is a vital organization role that must be conducted by the managers. Commanding is another critical management role proposed by the Fayol’s theory. Ideally, current organizations face stiff competition and high employee demand. In order to remain within the competitive organizational and business mainstream, the outlined Fayol’s theories remain largely applicable. Effect ive supervision and motivation of workers is crucial within organizations (Wren Bedeian 2009, p. 56). Evidently, most successful organizations have attributed motivation to their innovation and novelty. Effectively supervised and motivated workforces remains dedicated and compete constructively to accomplish outlined goals and delegated duties. Subordinates must be adequately supervised in their daily work processes. This should be accompanied with their motivation to achieve the organizational goals. Motivation enhances innovation as well as novelty. Adequate communication and feedback mechanisms are vital within an organization. These processes are basically oriented in the command system. They help in the articulation of company goals and policies to all members. This also includes the subordinate staff.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The commanding structure and system utilized by the managers must be in compliance with the inherent company policies. This is important to avoid the instances of confusion or conflict of interest emerging from different factions within the organization (Parker Ritson 2005, p. 188). As notable within the present day organizational management, there must be an outlined command system within all cadres. This management role outlined by Fayol is crucial because it supports the work processes within an organization. Another important management role is coordination. The organizational leaders and managers have to streamline the processes and procedures undertaken within the organization. Basically, the implication is that all the organizational units must be complementary and enriching to the work f one another. The last management role outlined by the Fayol’s principles is the act of control. Various managers must observe control in order to succeed in their respective organiza tional activities (McLean 2011, p. 33). Generally, the organization’s processes and operations must be controlled. This initiative ensures that these processes remain in accordance to the general organizational policies as well as strategic objectives. Various organizational control mechanisms have been presently adopted by various managers in organizations. For instance, monitoring and evaluation remain as critical component of the controlling function of management within all organizational processes. Fayol indicates that it is the obligation of all the relevant managers and leaders to note and report all the cases of deviations. Therefore, this management role requires a keen observation of the plans, objectives and basic missions. Developing corrective initiatives for these deviations include another critical undertaking within the controlling role of management. The application of Fayol’s principles in management practices still remains eminent. The Fayol’s principles are presently applied in various learning institutions to explain the basis of management and organizational administration (Wren 2001, p. 479). In addition, its practice within various successful corporations and organizations is eminent. Observably, these outlined five functions within the theory assume the normative as well as functional approach to management. There have been reiterations that this theory might not comprehensively cover the evident managerial intricacies that most managers are presently encountering in an alarming rate. The failure of these theories to outline or elucidate on how the leaders are supposed to impart motivation as well as innovative performance of their subordinates are important. Observably, although these outlined management roles might be widely applicable, they also have their inherent limitations (Wren 2001, p. 480). For instance, the principles might not comprehensively represent the overall intricacies that managers encounter dur ing their duties. This is, particularly, within the presently globalized and highly competitive organizational environment. However, it is vital to note that these outlined roles described by Fayol’s theory provide a general structure for the diverse functions. These functions are specifically for the managers. The present organizations are in pursuit of more strategic approaches to management and general organizational administration. It is evident that the increasing organizational competitiveness has also imparted significant pressure on employees’ engagement and welfares. Therefore, the available HR has become competitive to hire and maintain. For these reasons, organizations are more skewed towards the utilization of comprehensive approaches to management and practice. In this demand, the Fayol’s principles have increasingly become pertinent and applicable in both management practice and teaching (Wren Bedeian 2009, p. 43). However, due to more complicated management situations, most organizations also apply this principle in combination and synergy with other effective management theories. The interaction of the management with the other staff including the subordinate workers in an effective manner as stated by Fayol is a critical component in organizational success. This is because presently, the employees are regarded as the first fundamental stakeholders within all organizations. This is because they are the sole implementers of organizational policies and objectives. Therefore, their welfare has remained largely profitable and advantageous for organizational performance. Apart from these management roles described by Fayol, it is vital to discuss the basic 14 management principles. Fayol recognized the need for division of labor. He argued on the importance of dividing roles among personalities as well as teams. In the present day, division of labor is widely practiced. This is largely due to its advantages related to the effic iency within organizations. In his arguments, Fayol potentiated the importance of specialization (Sapru 2008, p. 54). The theory presents specialization as the most preferable method of utilizing the workforce within an organization. The proposition has been widely applicable in increasing the responsibility and accountability of individuals to basic roles. Fayol observed the close association between authority as well as responsibility. In his argument, Fayol indicates authority as the competency to provide directives and exact obedience from the followers or subordinates. On the other hand, responsibility entails the act of being accountable. According to Fayol, these two elements closely relate to each other. Any manager with authority has to exercise certain levels of responsibility (Wood Fields 2007, p. 269). The Fayol principles of management also indicate the importance of discipline. Indeed (even presently), it is notable that most successful organizations have to exercise a lot of discipline in order to attain good results. With the era of increasing organizational competiveness, discipline must be given a priority within all organizations. The entire workforce must have a collective focus and determination. Fayol also reiterated on the need for rational discipline of deviant workers within organizations. These concepts are widely applicable within most highly performing organizations presently. Unity in command as well as direction is other important management considerations as indicated by Fayol. There must be a properly defined and communicated protocol of receiving orders. Generally, employees are preferably ordered from one point to another by a specific manager (Parker Ritson 2005, p. 187). In addition, the whole corporation must move to a collective aim and in one direction. These observations help to keep the organization’s activities in the right track. Additionally, they have been applied to prevent the high cases of internal or ex ternal conflicts that have been presently incurred by organizations. The principles examine the conflict of personal and the general organizational interests. Generally, there is an indication that individual interest must never assume priority over other important general interests of the entire organization. The importance of consideration of underlying factors during the remuneration processes is eminent. According to Fayol, diverse factors like the life standards, presence skilled human resource as well as the business environment must be considered. Presently, the increasing life standards and globalization have affected employees’ welfares considerably. As a result, organizations endeavor to apply concerned directives under Fayol’s remuneration principles to enhance their employees’ welfare (Parker Ritson 2005, p. 189). Concurrently, the importance of centralization is discussed in the principles of Fayol. He referred to centralization as the process of l owering the significance of subordinate functions. He observed the importance of decentralization and the performance of the subordinate. Perhaps, this illustration explains the reason behind formation of various line manager units within present organizations. Fayol also noted the importance of scalar chain and its consequent observation within all organizations. In his principle, he denoted that the line or ground managers should be reporting to their immediate supervisors or bosses. This flow of protocol helps in enhancing the communication as well as feedback mechanisms within organizations. Equal treatment of all persons (employees) in an organization is critical. This sentiment has been outlined clearly within the Fayol’s concepts of management. Present organizations have drawn the necessary guiding policies on material use and handling. This directly indicates the critical observation of Fayol’s principles (Pryor Taneja 2010, p. 500). Fayol’s equity prin ciple of management has been widely applicable within present organizations to overt discriminations based on gender, age or race. Managements have presently endeavored to obtain and competitively retain the adequately performing human resources. This reiterates the Fayol’s principle regarding the stability of tenure of the human resource. Work initiative must be motivated by the management in order to enhance organizational performance. ESPIRIT DE CORPS is the last management principle eminent within the Fayol’s concept (Wood Fields 2007, p. 270). According to this principle, the management must motivate peace and inspire workers to stay in a state of good feeling. Generally, it is notable that the Fayol principles on management have been widely applied within present organizations. List of References Brunsson, K 2008, ‘Some Effects of Fayolism’, Int. Studies of Mgt. Org, vol. 38 no. 1, pp. 30-47. McLean, J 2011, ‘Fayol – standing the test of time’, Manager: British Journal of Administrative Management, vol. 74 no. 1, pp. 32-33. Parker, L Ritson, P 2005, ‘Revisiting Fayol: Anticipating Contemporary Management’, British Journal of Management, vol. 16 no. 1, pp. 175-194. Pryor, M Taneja, S 2010, ‘Henri Fayol, practitioner and theoretician revered and reviled’, Journal of Management History, vol. 16 no. 4, pp. 489 – 503. Sapru, R 2008, Administrative theories and management thought, PHI Learning, New Delhi. Wood, S Fields, D 2007, ‘Exploring the impact of shared leadership on management team member job outcomes’, Baltic Journal of Management, vol. 2 no. 3, pp. 251-272. Wren, D Bedeian, G 2009, The evolution of management thought, Wiley Publishing, Hoboken, NJ. Wren, D 2001, ‘Henri Fayol as strategist: a nineteenth century corporate turnaround’, Management Decision, vol. 39 no. 6, pp. 475 – 487.

Features and Consequences of Globalization Essay

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Gun control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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